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        <p>Git命令行学习  </p>
<a id="more"></a>
<ol>
<li>新建代码库</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>初始化本地仓库  <figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git init</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
</ul>
<p>命令会在当前目录初始化仓库，建立.git文件夹存储git数据  </p>
<ul>
<li>添加远程仓库<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git remote add origin location-to-your-git-repository</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
</ul>
<p>可以添加多个远程仓库，origin为远程仓库的名字</p>
<ul>
<li>克隆远程仓库<br>在本地新建git项目跟踪远程仓库<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git clone location-to-your-git-repository</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
</ul>
<ol start="2">
<li>配置  </li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li><p>显示当前配置信息</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git config --list</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p>编辑git配置文件</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git config -e [--global]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p>设置提交代码时的用户信息</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git config --global user.name &apos;user-name&apos;</span><br><span class="line">git config --global user.email &apos;user-email&apos;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
</ul>
<ol start="3">
<li>更新文件到仓库</li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git add [file1] [file2] # 将变动添加到暂存区</span><br><span class="line">git add [dir] # 将该目录下的变动添加到暂存区</span><br><span class="line">git rm [file1] [file2]</span><br><span class="line">git rm --cached [file] # 停止追踪文件，但该文件会保留在工作区</span><br><span class="line">git mv file-from file-to # 移动文件</span><br><span class="line">git status # 查看文件变动情况</span><br><span class="line">vim .gitignore # 不希望跟踪的文件、目录</span><br><span class="line">git diff # 比较当前文件和暂存区快照之间的差异</span><br><span class="line">git diff --cached/--staged # 显示暂存区快照中的改动</span><br><span class="line">git commit -m &apos;message-of-this-commit&apos; # 提交暂存区代码到本地仓库</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ol start="4">
<li>查看提交历史  </li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git log</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul>
<li>-p选项显示每次提交的内容差异  </li>
<li>-2显示最近的2次提交  </li>
<li>–state显示每次提交的简略统计信息  </li>
<li>–pretty=oneline 每个提交放在一行显示</li>
</ul>
<ol start="5">
<li>撤销操作</li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git commit --amend</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>提交完发现有几个文件还没有提交，或提交信息写错了，可以用该命令尝试重新提交<br>该命令会将暂存区的文件提交<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git reset # 撤销暂存区中全部文件</span><br><span class="line">git reset HEAD [file1] # 撤销暂存区中的指定文件</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>将文件从暂存区中撤销</p>
<ol start="6">
<li>远程仓库操作</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li><p>查看远程仓库</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git remote -v</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p>从远程仓库抓取与拉取</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git fetch origin master:tmp</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
</ul>
<p>origin为远程仓库的名字，可以通过git remote -v命令查看。如果省略仓库名，则拉取默认远程仓库的所有分支到本地</p>
<p>master为要拉取的远程分支名字，tmp为拉取到本地的分支名字，如果省略分支名，则默认拉取远程的master分支到本地的master分支</p>
<p>该命令只会讲远程仓库的数据拉取到本地仓库，但不会改动当前工作区的文件  </p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git pull</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>该命令从远程仓库抓取数据并将改动合并到当前分支，该命令相当于以下几个命令：<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git fetch origin master:tmp</span><br><span class="line">git merge tmp</span><br><span class="line">git branch -d tmp</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<ul>
<li>推送到远程仓库<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git push origin local-branch:remote-branch</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
</ul>
<p>将本地仓库的local-branch分支的commit，推送到名字为origin的远程仓库中的remote-branch分支，如果分支名相同的话可以只写一个分支名<br><strong>只有当你有origin远程仓库的写入权限，且之前没有其它人推送过时，该命令才会生效</strong>  ，所以在push之前一定要先fetch，然后merge其它人的修改  </p>
<ul>
<li>远程仓库移除与重命名<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git remote rename origin new-name</span><br><span class="line">git remote rm origin</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
</ul>
<ol start="7">
<li>打标签  </li>
</ol>
<p>给历史中某次提交打上标签，以示重要  </p>
<ul>
<li><p>列出标签</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git tag</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p>以特定模式查找标签</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git tag -l &apos;v1.8.5*&apos;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
</ul>
<p>显示所有以v1.8.5开头的标签  </p>
<ul>
<li><p>打轻量标签<br>轻量标签是对一次提交的引用<br>附注标签是git数据库中一个完整的对象，包括打标签者的名字、电邮地址、日期、标签message</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git tag [tag-name]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p>打附注标签</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git tag -a [tag-name] -m &quot;tag-message&quot;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p>给历史提交打标签<br>要给某个提交打标签，只需要在tag命令的末尾指定该次提交的校验和</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git log --pretty=oneline # 查找到要打标签的校验和，比如9fceb02</span><br><span class="line">git tag -a v1.2 9fceb02</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p>向远程仓库推送标签<br>git push命令默认不会推送tag到远程仓库，需要显式推送tag</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git push origin [tag-name] # 推送某个tag</span><br><span class="line">git push origin --tags # 推送本地所有tag</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p>检出标签<br>需要创建新分支，将新分支移动到标签处</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git checkout -b [new-branch-name] [tag-name]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p>标签删除<br>删除本地标签</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git tag -d [tag-name]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
</ul>
<p>如果要删除远程标签，需要先删除本地标签，然后：<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git push origin :refs/tags/[tag-name]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<ol start="8">
<li>分支</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>创建分支<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git branch [branch-name]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
</ul>
<p>git有一个名为HEAD的特殊指针，指向当前的本地分支</p>
<ul>
<li><p>分支切换</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git checkout [branch-name]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p>分支合并<br>将一个分支的修改合并到当前分支</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git merge [hotfix]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p>分支删除</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git branch -d [hotfix]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p>冲突处理<br>分支合并时，如果2个分支修改了同一个文件，可能会造成冲突<br>用git status可以查看因包含冲突而未合并的文件<br>例如：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt; HEAD:index.html</span><br><span class="line">&lt;div id=&quot;footer&quot;&gt;contact : email.support@github.com&lt;/div&gt;</span><br><span class="line">=======</span><br><span class="line">&lt;div id=&quot;footer&quot;&gt;</span><br><span class="line"> please contact us at support@github.com</span><br><span class="line">&lt;/div&gt;</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; iss53:index.html</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
</ul>
<p>=====号分隔了有冲突的部分，需要手动修改这部分代码以解决冲突<br>修改完后用git add来暂存这个有冲突的文件，git就会将它们标记为已解决<br>用git status再次检查是否还有未解决的冲突，没有冲突后使用git commit提交  </p>
<ul>
<li>跟踪分支<br>当clone一个远程仓库时，git会自动创建一个跟踪origin/master的master分支，我们也可以设置跟踪其它分支<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git checkout --track origin/feature</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
</ul>
<p>这条命令会自动在本地创建一个名为feature的分支，并跟踪远程仓库的feature分支<br>如果想为本地分支指定不同的名字，可以使用-b选项:<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git checkout -b my-branch origin/feature</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>当然，我们也可以随意设置本地分支跟踪的远程分支，使用-u或–set-upstream-to选项运行git branch:<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git branch -u origin/feature</span><br><span class="line">git branch --set-upstream-to origin/feature</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<ol start="9">
<li>错误处理<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">SSL Certificate problem: unable to get local issuer</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
</ol>
<p>禁用证书验证：<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git config --global http.sslVerify false</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>

      
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